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Vijesti Objavljeno 11.09.2016. Prije nego su kršćani uveli rodne uloge, američki su Indijanci razlikovali 5 rodova Za američke starosjedioce nije postojao set pravila koja su muškarci i žene morali poštivati da bi bili prihvaćeni kao 'normalni' članovi plemena, tek po europskom osvajanju Sjeverne Amerike, usvojili su... Foto: We'wha iz plemena Zuni, biološki muškarac sa ženskim duhom Za američke starosjedioce nije postojao set pravila koja su muškarci i žene morali poštivati da bi bili prihvaćeni kao ‘normalni’ članovi plemena, tek po europskom osvajanju Sjeverne Amerike, usvojili su ideje o rodnim ulogama. Zapravo, smatralo se da su ljudi, koji su imali i ženske i muške karakteristike, od prirode nadareni i stoga mogu vidjeti obje strane svega. Prema Indian Country Today , sve starosjedilačke zajednice su priznavale sljedeće rodne uloge: „Žensko, muško, žensko s dva duha, muško s dva duha i transrodno.“
„Svako pleme je imalo svoj specifični termin, no postojala je potreba za univerzalnim terminom koji bi opća populacija mogla razumjeti. Pleme Navajo ‘Dva Duha’ naziva Nádleehí (onaj koji je preobražen), među Lakotama je Winkté (naznaka muškoga koji ima potrebu da se ponaša kao žensko), Niizh Manidoowag (dva duha) kod plemena Ojibwe, Hemaneh (pola muškarac, pola žena) kod plemena Cheyenne.
Svrha ‘Dva Duha’ (engl. Two Spirit) je da se koristi kao univerzalni termin u engleskom jeziku, stoga nije uvijek prevodiv s istim značenjem u starosjedilačkim jezicima. Primjerice, u jeziku Iroquois Cherokee, ne postoji način da se prevede termin, ali Cherokee ima termine rodne varijacije za ‘biološke žene koje se osjećaju kao muškarci’ i obrnuto.“
Kultura ‘Dva Duha’ američkih starosjedioca, bila je među prvim stvarima, koju su Europljani, a među njima i katolički redovnici, uništavali i prikrivali, prisiljavajući stanovništvo koje su zemlji pronašli da se odijeva i ponaša u skladu s novoodređenim rodnim ulogama. Jedna od najpoznatijih dvoduhovne osoba u zabilježenoj povijesti je bio Lakota ratnik prigodno nazvan Nađe Ih I Ubije Ih (na slici) . Osh-Tisch je rođen kao biološki muškarac, te je stupio u brak sa ženom, no ukrašavao se ženskom odjećom i svakodnevno živio kao žena. 17. lipnja 1876. godine, Nađe Ih I Ubije Ih proslavio se kada je spasio člana svog plemena tijekom bitke kod Rosebud Creeka. Bio je to čin neustrašive hrabrosti.
U američkim starosjedilačkim kulturama, ljudi su bili cijenjeni radi svojih doprinosa plemenu, a ne radi svoje muževnosti ili ženstvenosti. Ni roditelji nisu djeci dodjeljivali rodne uloge, pa je čak i dječja odjeća težila tomu da bude rodno neutralna. >> Foto: Osch-Tisch (Nađe Ih I Ubije Ih) lijevo sa suprugom
Kako uz dvoduhovnu osobu nije bila vezana negativna stigma, nije bilo međuplemenskih osvetničkih ili nasilnih ispada usmjerenim prema odabranim ljudima naprosto zbog činjenice da su se identificirali kroz suprotan rod ili oba roda.
„Dvoduhovne osobe u starosjedilačkoj Americi bile su prije izvanjskih utjecaja visoko cijenjene, a obitelji čiji su članovi bile, smatrane su sretnima. Indijanci su vjerovali da je osoba koja može vidjeti svijet kroz oči oba roda istovremeno, bila dar od Stvoritelja.“
Vjerski utjecaji su ubrzo sa sobom donijeli ozbiljne predrasude prema ‘rodnoj raznolikosti’, a to je prisililo nekad otvoreno alternativne i/li androgine osobe osudilo na jedan od dva izbora. Mogli su živjeti skrivajući se u strahu da će biti otkriveni ili su mogli okončati svoje živote. Mnogi od njih su se odlučili za potonje. [P.Ć.] CurchandState …