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Feministyle Objavljeno 12.09.2015. Tihana Bertek Teorijska čitanka: Mogu li žene biti velike umjetnice? Svatko zna nabrojiti barem nekoliko slavnih renesansnih ili baroknih slikara – Botticelli, Michelangelo, Rembrandt, Vermeer… A znate li koju slikaricu? Znače li vam što imena Sofonisba Anguissola, Lavinia Fontana... Previše sam slikala, moram malo odspavati...
Svatko zna nabrojiti barem nekoliko slavnih renesansnih ili baroknih slikara – Botticelli, Michelangelo, Rembrandt, Vermeer… A znate li koju slikaricu? Znače li vam što imena Sofonisba Anguissola, Lavinia Fontana ili Judith Leyster? Možda vam zvuče poznato – a možda i ne. No, tko vas može kriviti – čak i ako ste studirali/e povijest umjetnosti, s Laviniom i Sofonisbom vjerojatno ste se (ako uopće) susreli/e samo u prolazu, kada su predstavljene prvenstveno kao kurioziteti koji iskaču iz prevladavajuće maskuline tradicije. Možda, pomislit ćete snuždeno, žene jednostavno ne znaju dobro slikati? Možda naprosto ne mogu ovladati kistom – tim metaforičkim penisom (da parafraziramo Gilbert i Gubar )?
Upravo je to pitanje koje si je 1971. godine postavila američka povjesničarka umjetnosti Linda Nochlin , koja je svoja promišljanja uobličila u esej “Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists? “, jedan od najvažnijih eseja za feminističku teoriju i povijest umjetnosti uopće.
Helen Frankenthaler se stvarno trudila, ali uspjela je naslikati samo crvenu mrlju
Kada razmišljamo o tome zašto u povijesti umjetnosti nema više slavnih autorica, postoje dvije najčešće reakcije, ističe Nochlin. Prva je sljedeća: upitane da nabrojimo sve te prešućene i zaboravljene slikarice, kiparice, književnice i arhitektice, često “nasjednemo”, očajnički se pokušavajući prisjetiti nekoga osim Berthe Morisot i Dore Maar . Međutim, iako je svakako važan za bolje razumijevanje povijesti umjetnosti, kako ističe i Griselda Pollock , takav pokušaj revalorizacije i “spašavanja” umjetnica od zaborava ipak ne rješava u potpunosti problem manjka žena u povijesti umjetnosti (bez obzira koliko imena uspjele nabrojiti) budući da ne propituje pretpostavke koje se skrivaju iza samog pitanja “zašto nije bilo velikih umjetnica?”.
Druga reakcija je pak tvrditi da ne treba izjednačavati žene i muškarce jer “ženska” umjetnost jednostavno podliježe drugačijim pravilima, ima drugačiju poetiku i formalne karakteristike.
No, iako se žensko iskustvo svakako razlikuje od muškog, Nochlin upozorava da ne postoje nikakve zajedničke karakteristike “ženskosti” koje bi stilski ili na bilo koji drugi način povezivale sve umjetnice kroz povijest. Dapače, umjetnice su izričajem najčešće bliske upravo svojim kolegama iz istog razdoblja (primjerice, Gabriele Münter ima puno više toga zajedničkog s Paulom Gauguinom nego s Barbarom Kruger ), što i nije toliko nelogično budući da umjetničko djelo nije toliko neposredan izraz emotivnog stanja pojedinca, koliko jezik forme oblikovan u vrlo specifičnom kontekstu.
“Ženski problem, kažeš?”
S tim u vidu, glavna teza eseja je sljedeća:
Možda nema ženskih ekvivalenata Rembrandtu, Delacroixu, Matissu ili Manetu, no “razlog ne leži u položaju zvijezda, našim hormonima, menstrualnim ciklusima ili praznim glavama, već u institucijama i obrazovanju – a pod obrazovanjem podrazumijevam sve što nam se događa od trenutka kada uđemo u ovaj svijet simbola, znakova i poruka nabijenih značenjem.”
Stoga pitanje “zašto nije bilo velikih umjetnica?” navodi na pogrešan trag jer se poziva na niz naivnih ideja o prirodi umjetnosti pomiješanih s patrijarhalnim stavovima o ženskoj (ne)sposobnosti i nepromjenjivosti društvenog poretka. Tek kada dobro promislimo o implikacijama ovog i sličnih pitanja, shvatiti ćemo do koje mjere je naše znanje o svijetu, ali i naše razumijevanje različitih fenomena, odnosa i stvarnosti oblikovano važnim pitanjima koja postavljamo.
Pa ovo je teže od ribanja poda – mislim da ću odustati!
Formulirano na takav način, ovo pitanje zadaje određenu perspektivu, dajući naslutiti da je nedostatak žena “žensko pitanje” (kao što je, primjerice, “problem siromaštva” problem siromašnih, a ne bogatih). Međutim, Nochlin upozorava da taj “problem” nema rješenja u klasičnom smislu budući da ljudske probleme treba rješavati reinterpretacijom same situacije ili pak radikalnom promjenom pozicije ili plana djelovanja. Naposljetku, u očima dominantne muške elite zastupljenost žena u umjetnosti ne predstavlja problem kojim bi se trebalo pozabaviti. Stoga Nochlin predlaže:
“Žene bi sebe trebale percipirati kao potencijalno, ako ne doista, ravnopravne subjekte i biti voljne suočiti se sa svim činjenicama, bez samosažaljenja, bez okolišanja; istovremeno, svojem položaju moramo pristupiti s velikom dozom emocionalne i intelektualne posvećenosti koja je nužna za stvaranje svijeta u kojem će jednaka postignuća biti ne samo moguća, već i poticana od strane društvenih institucija.” Tekst je objavljen je u sklopu temata ‘Rodna prizma za ravnopravnije društvo’ koji je sufinanciran sredstvima Fonda za poticanje pluralizma i raznovrsnosti elektroničkih medija.